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A measure of how similar two vectors are by the angle between them — the standard way to compare embeddings in search and RAG.
Cosine similarity scores two vectors by the cosine of the angle between them, ranging from −1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction). Because it ignores magnitude and looks only at direction, it is the standard metric for comparing text embeddings, as set out in Manning, Raghavan & Schütze's standard information-retrieval text (2008).
When a vector database finds the passages "closest" to a query, cosine similarity is usually the closeness being measured.
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